分類: 英文學習

天體地質學 (Astrogeology)

月球和其他行星上應用地質學、地球化學、地球物理學的學科

經濟地質學 (Economic geology)

應用於工程和材料使用的地質學

工程地質學 (Engineering geology)

應用於土木工程的地質學

環境地質學 (Environmental geology)

應用於環境問題的地質學

石油地質學 (Petroleum geology)

應用於碳氫燃料技術的地質學

城市地質學 (Urban geology)

應用於城市問題的地質學

地質植物勘探 (Geobotanical prospecting)

利用植物尋找礦床的方法

地質植物學 (Geobotany)

研究植物與地質環境關係的學科

地球化學 (Geochemistry)

研究地球的化學成分及其過程的學科

地質年代學 (Geochronology)

研究地球歷史中事件的年代測定學科

放射性測年法 (Radiometric dating)

使用放射性同位素測定事件年代的方法

地質年代測量學 (Geochronometry)

通過測量放射性衰變研究岩石絕對年齡的學科

地球起源論 (Geocosmogony)

研究地球起源的學科

地貌學 (Geomorphology)

研究地球次級地形特徵起源的學科

地球物理學 (Geophysics)

研究地球及其環境物理學的學科

大地測量學 (Geodesy)

研究地球的大小、形狀、重力場等的學科

冰川地質學 (Glacial geology)

研究由冰川作用形成的地形特徵的學科

礦物學 (Mineralogy)

研究礦物的學科

晶體學 (Crystallography)

研究晶體幾何描述的學科

構造地質學 (Structural geology)

研究岩石的形態、排列和內部結構的學科

古生物學 (Paleontology)

研究化石記錄中生命的學科

無脊椎古生物學 (Invertebrate paleontology)

研究無脊椎動物化石的學科

微體古生物學 (Micropaleontology)

研究微生物化石的學科

古植物學 (Paleobotany)

研究植物化石的學科

孢粉學 (Palynology)

研究孢子、花粉、微生物化石的學科

脊椎古生物學 (Vertebrate paleontology)

研究脊椎動物化石的學科

岩石學 (Petrology)

研究岩石的起源、歷史、結構等的學科

火成岩石學 (Igneous petrology)

研究火成岩的學科

變質岩石學 (Metamorphic petrology)

研究變質岩的學科

沉積岩石學 (Sedimentary petrology)

研究沉積岩的學科

物理地質學 (Physical geology)

研究地球的組成及其物理變化的學科

地震學 (Seismology)

研究地震的學科

地層學 (Stratigraphy)

研究岩石地層的學科

歷史地質學 (Historical geology)

研究層狀岩石的學科

火山學 (Volcanology)

研究火山的學科​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​​

定義：
為了研究陸地動物的分佈，世界被劃分為六個主要的動物地理分區。每個分區都有其獨特的動物群落和生態特徵。

Definition:
For the study of the distribution of land animals, the world is divided into six major zoogeographical regions. Each region has its unique animal communities and ecological characteristics.

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1. 古北界 (Palaearctic Region)

• 範圍：歐洲、北非、中東北部、北亞和中亞
• 特色：涵蓋了從寒冷的西伯利亞到溫暖的地中海地區，動物種類多樣，如棕熊、狼和駝鹿。
• Range: Europe, northern Africa, northern Middle East, north and central Asia
• Features: Covers areas from cold Siberia to the warm Mediterranean, with diverse species such as brown bears, wolves, and moose.

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2. 新北界 (Nearctic Region)

• 範圍：北美洲和格陵蘭
• 特色：與古北界有許多相似的物種，如美洲野牛和灰熊，但也有獨特的物種如美洲獅。
• Range: North America and Greenland
• Features: Shares many species with the Palaearctic region, such as bison and grizzly bears, but also has unique species like cougars.

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3. 新熱帶界 (Neotropical Region, also Neogea)

• 範圍：中美洲、南美洲至墨西哥中部、加勒比地區
• 特色：擁有世界上最豐富的生物多樣性，如亞馬遜雨林中的美洲豹、樹懶和各種鳥類。
• Range: Central and South America to central Mexico, Caribbean
• Features: Home to the world’s richest biodiversity, including jaguars, sloths, and a variety of birds in the Amazon rainforest.

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4. 非洲熱帶界 (Afrotropical Region, also Metagea)

• 範圍：撒哈拉以南非洲、馬達加斯加、中東南部
• 特色：以非洲大草原上的大型哺乳動物聞名，如獅子、大象和長頸鹿。
• Range: Sub-Saharan Africa, Madagascar, southern Middle East
• Features: Famous for large mammals on the African savannah, such as lions, elephants, and giraffes.

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5. 東洋界 (Oriental Region)

• 範圍：南亞及其鄰近島嶼
• 特色：包括印度、東南亞等地，擁有獨特的動物如老虎、亞洲象和紅毛猩猩。
• Range: Southern Asia and adjacent islands
• Features: Includes India, Southeast Asia, and is home to unique species like tigers, Asian elephants, and orangutans.

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6. 澳洲界 (Australian Region, also Australasian, Notogea)

• 範圍：澳洲、大洋洲
• 特色：以有袋類動物為特色，如袋鼠、無尾熊和袋熊，還有獨特的鳥類如鴯鶓。
• Range: Australia, Oceania
• Features: Characterized by marsupials such as kangaroos, koalas, and wombats, as well as unique birds like emus.

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7. 南極界 (Antarctic Region)

• 範圍：南極洲
• 特色：極端寒冷的環境，動物種類稀少，但仍有獨特的物種如企鵝和海豹。
• Range: Antarctica
• Features: Extreme cold environment with limited animal species, but still home to unique creatures like penguins and seals.

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總結 (Summary)

動物地理分區幫助我們理解陸地動物在全球的分佈情況。每個分區都有其獨特的氣候、地形和生態系統，這些因素共同塑造了該區域的動物群落。

Summary:
Zoogeographical regions help us understand the distribution of land animals across the globe. Each region has its unique climate, terrain, and ecosystems, which together shape the animal communities found there.

定義：
植被帶是指地球表面上大範圍的、有時跨大陸的、具有相似植被的帶狀區域。以下從最冷到最暖的順序列出主要的植被帶。

Definition:
A vegetation zone is an extensive, sometimes transcontinental, band of similar vegetation on the earth’s surface. Listed here from coldest to warmest.

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1. 極地和苔原 (Polar and Tundra)

• 描述：這些地區位於地球的最北端和最南端，氣候極其寒冷，植被以低矮的灌木、苔蘚和地衣為主。
• Description: These regions are located at the northernmost and southernmost parts of the Earth, with extremely cold climates. Vegetation mainly consists of low shrubs, mosses, and lichens.

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2. 北方森林或泰加林 (Boreal Forest or Taiga)

• 描述：這是一片寒冷的森林帶，主要分佈在北半球。植被以針葉樹為主，如松樹和雲杉。
• Description: This is a cold forest belt, mainly distributed in the Northern Hemisphere. Vegetation is dominated by coniferous trees such as pines and spruces.

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3. 山地區域 (Mountain Regions)

• 描述：山地區域的植被隨著海拔高度的變化而變化，從山腳的森林到高海拔的草地和苔原。
• Description: Vegetation in mountain regions varies with altitude, ranging from forests at the base to grasslands and tundra at higher elevations.

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4. 溫帶森林 (Temperate Forest)

• 描述：這些地區四季分明，植被以闊葉樹為主，如橡樹和楓樹。
• Description: These regions have distinct seasons, with vegetation dominated by broadleaf trees such as oaks and maples.

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5. 地中海型氣候區 (Mediterranean)

• 描述：這些地區夏季炎熱乾燥，冬季涼爽濕潤，植被以耐旱的灌木和矮樹為主。
• Description: These regions have hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters. Vegetation is dominated by drought-resistant shrubs and small trees.

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6. 草原或乾草原 (Steppes or Dry Grassland)

• 描述：這些地區夏季炎熱乾燥，冬季非常寒冷，植被以草類為主，樹木稀少。
• Description: These regions have hot, dry summers and very cold winters. Vegetation is mainly grasses, with few trees.

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7. 熱帶雨林 (Tropical Rain Forest)

• 描述：這些地區全年溫暖濕潤，植被以高大的闊葉樹為主，生物多樣性極高。
• Description: These regions are warm and wet year-round, with vegetation dominated by tall broadleaf trees and extremely high biodiversity.

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8. 沙漠 (Desert)

• 描述：這些地區極度乾燥，植被稀少，主要以耐旱的植物如仙人掌為主。
• Description: These regions are extremely dry, with sparse vegetation mainly consisting of drought-resistant plants such as cacti.

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9. 熱帶草原 (Tropical Grassland)

• 描述：這些地區全年炎熱，分為雨季和旱季，植被以草類為主，散佈著少量樹木。
• Description: These regions are hot year-round, with a wet season and a dry season. Vegetation is mainly grasses, with scattered trees.

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總結 (Summary)

植被帶是地球表面上大範圍的、具有相似植被的帶狀區域，從最冷的極地和苔原到最熱的熱帶草原和沙漠，每個植被帶都有其獨特的氣候和植被類型。

Summary:
Vegetation zones are extensive bands of similar vegetation on the Earth’s surface, ranging from the coldest polar and tundra regions to the hottest tropical grasslands and deserts. Each vegetation zone has its unique climate and vegetation types.

Introduction | 引言

Climate zones are geographical regions that are categorized based on prevailing climate patterns and latitude. This educational material presents a comprehensive overview of the world’s major climate zones, arranged from coldest to warmest, with both English and Chinese explanations for Chinese speakers with high school education or above.

氣候區是根據主要氣候模式和緯度分類的地理區域。本教材為具有高中或以上教育程度的中文使用者提供了世界主要氣候區的全面概述，按從最冷到最熱的順序排列，並提供英漢雙語解釋。

Understanding Climate Zones | 理解氣候區

Climate zones are areas with distinct climatic conditions, determined by factors such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, and seasonal variations. These zones influence biodiversity, human settlement patterns, agriculture, and cultural practices.

氣候區是具有不同氣候條件的區域，由溫度、降水、濕度和季節變化等因素決定。這些區域影響生物多樣性、人類居住模式、農業和文化習俗。

Climate Zones from Coldest to Warmest | 從最冷到最熱的氣候區

Polar Regions | 極地區域

1. Polar Ice Cap | 極地冰蓋

• Example Location: Antarctica | 示例地點: 南極洲
• Characteristics: Permanently covered with ice and snow; temperatures rarely rise above freezing; minimal precipitation | 特徵: 永久被冰雪覆蓋；溫度很少高於冰點；降水極少
• Example Sentence: “The polar ice cap of Antarctica contains about 90% of the world’s ice." | 例句: “南極洲的極地冰蓋包含了世界上約90%的冰。"

2. Polar Tundra | 極地凍原

• Example Location: Western Greenland | 示例地點: 格陵蘭西部
• Characteristics: Treeless region with permanently frozen subsoil (permafrost); short growing season; limited vegetation | 特徵: 無樹木區域，地下永久凍土；生長季節短；植被有限
• Example Sentence: “Despite the harsh conditions, the polar tundra supports specialized plant and animal species." | 例句: “儘管環境惡劣，極地凍原仍然支持著特殊的動植物種類。"

Cold Regions | 寒冷區域

3. Boreal | 北方針葉林

• Example Location: Siberia | 示例地點: 西伯利亞
• Characteristics: Dominated by coniferous forests; long, severe winters and short summers; moderate precipitation | 特徵: 以針葉林為主；冬季漫長嚴酷，夏季短暫；適中降水
• Example Sentence: “The boreal forest of Siberia is one of the largest continuous forests in the world." | 例句: “西伯利亞的北方針葉林是世界上最大的連續森林之一。"

4. Temperate | 溫帶

• Example Location: United States, Northern Europe | 示例地點: 美國，北歐
• Characteristics: Four distinct seasons; moderate temperatures; reliable precipitation throughout the year | 特徵: 四季分明；溫度適中；全年降水可靠
• Example Sentence: “Many of the world’s major agricultural regions are found in temperate climate zones." | 例句: “世界上許多主要農業區域都位於溫帶氣候區。"

5. Cold Temperate | 寒溫帶

• Example Location: Northern Canada | 示例地點: 加拿大北部
• Characteristics: Similar to temperate but with colder winters; shorter growing season; often transitional between boreal and temperate | 特徵: 類似溫帶但冬季更冷；生長季節更短；通常是北方針葉林和溫帶之間的過渡區
• Example Sentence: “The cold temperate regions of northern Canada experience significant seasonal temperature variations." | 例句: “加拿大北部的寒溫帶地區經歷顯著的季節性溫度變化。"

6. Cool Temperate Maritime | 涼溫帶海洋性

• Example Location: London | 示例地點: 倫敦
• Characteristics: Influenced by oceanic currents; mild winters and cool summers; frequent rainfall; often cloudy | 特徵: 受海洋洋流影響；冬季溫和，夏季涼爽；降雨頻繁；常多雲
• Example Sentence: “London’s cool temperate maritime climate contributes to its famous foggy weather." | 例句: “倫敦的涼溫帶海洋性氣候造就了其著名的霧天氣。"

Moderate Regions | 溫和區域

7. Cool Coastal Desert | 涼爽沿海沙漠

• Example Location: Lima, Peru | 示例地點: 秘魯利馬
• Characteristics: Low precipitation despite proximity to ocean; moderate temperatures due to cool ocean currents; frequent fog | 特徵: 儘管靠近海洋但降水少；因涼爽海洋洋流而溫度適中；霧氣頻繁
• Example Sentence: “Lima, Peru is unusual as a cool coastal desert city that rarely sees significant rainfall." | 例句: “秘魯利馬作為一個涼爽的沿海沙漠城市，很少有明顯的降雨，這很不尋常。"

8. Highland | 高地

• Example Location: Quito, Ecuador | 示例地點: 厄瓜多爾基多
• Characteristics: Climate determined primarily by elevation rather than latitude; cool temperatures despite tropical location; significant daily temperature variation | 特徵: 氣候主要由海拔而非緯度決定；儘管位於熱帶但溫度涼爽；日溫差明顯
• Example Sentence: “Quito, located in the highlands of Ecuador, enjoys spring-like weather year-round despite being on the equator." | 例句: “位於厄瓜多爾高地的基多，儘管位於赤道上，但全年享有春季般的天氣。"

9. Middle-Latitude Dry | 中緯度乾燥

• Example Location: North Dakota | 示例地點: 北達科他州
• Characteristics: Interior continental location; limited precipitation; hot summers and cold winters; significant seasonal temperature variations | 特徵: 內陸大陸位置；降水有限；夏季炎熱，冬季寒冷；季節性溫度變化顯著
• Example Sentence: “The middle-latitude dry climate of North Dakota creates challenges for agriculture, though wheat farming is successful." | 例句: “北達科他州的中緯度乾燥氣候給農業帶來挑戰，儘管小麥種植是成功的。"

10. Warm Temperate | 暖溫帶

• Example Location: Greece | 示例地點: 希臘
• Characteristics: Hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters; Mediterranean vegetation including olive trees and drought-resistant shrubs | 特徵: 夏季炎熱乾燥，冬季溫和多雨；地中海植被包括橄欖樹和耐旱灌木
• Example Sentence: “Greece’s warm temperate climate is ideal for growing olives and grapes." | 例句: “希臘的暖溫帶氣候非常適合種植橄欖和葡萄。"

11. Temperate Oceanic | 溫帶海洋性

• Example Location: Paris | 示例地點: 巴黎
• Characteristics: Influenced by ocean currents; milder temperatures than continental areas at same latitude; year-round precipitation | 特徵: 受海洋洋流影響；比同緯度大陸地區溫度更溫和；全年有降水
• Example Sentence: “Paris enjoys a temperate oceanic climate with generally mild weather throughout the year." | 例句: “巴黎享有溫帶海洋性氣候，全年天氣普遍溫和。"

12. Temperate Continental | 溫帶大陸性

• Example Location: Montreal; New York | 示例地點: 蒙特利爾；紐約
• Characteristics: Four distinct seasons; large annual temperature range; warm to hot summers and cold winters; moderate precipitation | 特徵: 四季分明；年溫差大；夏季溫暖至炎熱，冬季寒冷；適中降水
• Example Sentence: “New York City experiences a temperate continental climate with hot summers and cold, snowy winters." | 例句: “紐約市經歷溫帶大陸性氣候，夏季炎熱，冬季寒冷多雪。"

Warm Regions | 溫暖區域

13. Tropical-Subtropical Humid | 熱帶-亞熱帶濕潤

• Example Location: Charleston, South Carolina | 示例地點: 南卡羅來納州查爾斯頓
• Characteristics: Hot, humid summers; mild winters; abundant rainfall throughout the year; lush vegetation | 特徵: 夏季炎熱潮濕；冬季溫和；全年降雨豐富；植被茂盛
• Example Sentence: “Charleston’s tropical-subtropical humid climate supports diverse plant life and long growing seasons." | 例句: “查爾斯頓的熱帶-亞熱帶濕潤氣候支持多樣化的植物生長和長時間的生長季節。"

14. Subtropical Dry | 亞熱帶乾燥

• Example Location: Perth, Australia | 示例地點: 澳大利亞珀斯
• Characteristics: Hot, dry summers and mild winters; limited rainfall; drought-resistant vegetation | 特徵: 夏季炎熱乾燥，冬季溫和；降雨有限；耐旱植被
• Example Sentence: “Perth, Australia has a subtropical dry climate with long, sunny days and minimal rainfall in summer." | 例句: “澳大利亞珀斯擁有亞熱帶乾燥氣候，夏季陽光充足，降雨極少。"

15. Tropical-Subtropical Dry | 熱帶-亞熱帶乾燥

• Example Location: Phoenix, Arizona | 示例地點: 亞利桑那州鳳凰城
• Characteristics: Very hot, dry summers; mild winters; minimal precipitation; desert vegetation | 特徵: 夏季非常炎熱乾燥；冬季溫和；降水極少；沙漠植被
• Example Sentence: “Phoenix, Arizona experiences a tropical-subtropical dry climate with extreme summer heat and little rainfall." | 例句: “亞利桑那州鳳凰城經歷熱帶-亞熱帶乾燥氣候，夏季極端炎熱，降雨很少。"

Hot Regions | 炎熱區域

16. Tropical Desert | 熱帶沙漠

• Example Location: Egypt | 示例地點: 埃及
• Characteristics: Extremely hot and dry; large daily temperature fluctuations; minimal vegetation; very little precipitation | 特徵: 極度炎熱乾燥；日溫差大；植被極少；降水極少
• Example Sentence: “Egypt’s tropical desert climate means the Nile River has been essential for civilization to flourish there." | 例句: “埃及的熱帶沙漠氣候意味著尼羅河對文明在那裡繁榮至關重要。"

17. Tropical Wet-and-Dry | 熱帶濕潤-乾燥

• Example Location: Calcutta | 示例地點: 加爾各答
• Characteristics: Distinct wet and dry seasons; high temperatures year-round; substantial seasonal precipitation variation | 特徵: 明顯的雨季和旱季；全年高溫；季節性降水變化顯著
• Example Sentence: “Calcutta experiences a tropical wet-and-dry climate with monsoon rains followed by a distinct dry period." | 例句: “加爾各答經歷熱帶濕潤-乾燥氣候，季風雨後是明顯的乾燥期。"

18. Tropical Wet; Monsoon | 熱帶濕潤；季風

• Example Location: Myanmar; Singapore | 示例地點: 緬甸；新加坡
• Characteristics: High temperatures and high humidity year-round; abundant rainfall; tropical rainforest vegetation; may have monsoon season | 特徵: 全年高溫高濕；降雨豐富；熱帶雨林植被；可能有季風季節
• Example Sentence: “Singapore’s tropical wet climate means rain can be expected almost any day of the year." | 例句: “新加坡的熱帶濕潤氣候意味著全年幾乎每天都可能下雨。"

Practical Applications | 實際應用

Agriculture | 農業

Different climate zones support different types of agriculture. For example, wheat thrives in temperate zones, while rice is well-suited to tropical wet climates.

不同的氣候區支持不同類型的農業。例如，小麥在溫帶地區生長良好，而水稻則適合熱帶濕潤氣候。

Architecture | 建築

Traditional building designs reflect adaptations to local climate conditions, such as thick walls in desert regions or stilt houses in tropical wet areas.

傳統建築設計反映了對當地氣候條件的適應，例如沙漠地區的厚牆或熱帶濕潤地區的高腳屋。

Tourism | 旅遊

Understanding climate zones helps travelers plan when to visit different regions to experience optimal weather conditions.

了解氣候區有助於旅行者規劃何時訪問不同地區以體驗最佳天氣條件。

Climate Change Impact | 氣候變化影響

Global warming is causing shifts in climate zones, affecting ecosystems, agriculture, and human settlements.

全球變暖正在導致氣候區發生變化，影響生態系統、農業和人類居住地。

Conclusion | 結論

Climate zones provide a framework for understanding Earth’s diverse climatic conditions and their influences on natural environments and human activities. As climate change continues to alter these patterns, understanding these classifications becomes increasingly important for adaptation and planning.

氣候區為理解地球多樣化的氣候條件及其對自然環境和人類活動的影響提供了框架。隨著氣候變化繼續改變這些模式，理解這些分類對適應和規劃變得越來越重要。

The interplay between latitude, altitude, oceanic influences, and continental positioning creates the remarkable diversity of climate zones we see across our planet, each supporting unique ecosystems and human adaptations.

緯度、高度、海洋影響和大陸位置之間的相互作用創造了我們在地球上看到的氣候區的顯著多樣性，每個區域都支持獨特的生態系統和人類適應。

Introduction | 引言

The Humidex is a measurement scale developed in Canada to express how hot the weather feels to the average person when relative humidity is combined with air temperature. This educational material provides both English and Chinese explanations of the Humidex scale for Chinese speakers with high school education or above.

濕度指數（Humidex）是加拿大開發的一種測量標準，用來表示當相對濕度與氣溫結合時，普通人感受到的熱度。本教材為具有高中或以上教育程度的中文使用者提供濕度指數量表的英漢雙語解釋。

What is Humidex? | 什麼是濕度指數？

The Humidex (humidity index) is a dimensionless number used to describe how hot the weather feels to an average person, by combining the effect of heat and humidity. The Humidex is widely used in Canada but similar indices like the Heat Index are used in the United States and other countries.

濕度指數（濕度指標）是一個無量綱數字，通過結合熱量和濕度的影響，來描述普通人感受到的天氣熱度。濕度指數在加拿大被廣泛使用，而類似的指標如熱指數（Heat Index）則在美國和其他國家使用。

Key Terminology | 重要術語

• Humidex: A measurement of perceived heat combining temperature and humidity
• 濕度指數: 結合溫度和濕度的體感熱度測量方法
• Relative Humidity: The amount of water vapor in the air expressed as a percentage of the maximum amount the air could hold at that temperature
• 相對濕度: 空氣中水蒸氣含量占該溫度下空氣可容納最大水蒸氣量的百分比
• Heat Stress: Physical discomfort and physiological strain caused by excessive heat
• 熱應激: 由過度熱量引起的身體不適和生理壓力
• Dew Point: The temperature at which air becomes saturated with water vapor
• 露點: 空氣變得飽和的溫度，即水蒸氣開始凝結的溫度

The Humidex Scale | 濕度指數量表

The Humidex scale was devised to measure comfort levels in extreme heat, based on the temperature and relative humidity. It provides a practical guide for evaluating heat-related risks and planning appropriate activities.

濕度指數量表是為了測量極端高溫下的舒適度而設計的，基於溫度和相對濕度。它提供了評估與熱相關風險和規劃適當活動的實用指南。

Comfort Levels | 舒適度等級

20-29: Comfortable | 舒適

• English Description: Little to no discomfort. Normal activities can be carried out without special precautions.
• 中文描述: 幾乎沒有不適感。可以不採取特殊預防措施進行正常活動。
• Example Sentence: “With a Humidex of 25, it’s a comfortable day for outdoor sports."
• 例句: “濕度指數為25，這天非常適合戶外運動。"

30-39: Some Discomfort | 有些不適

• English Description: Some discomfort, especially for those sensitive to heat. Consider reducing strenuous activities outdoors.
• 中文描述: 有些不適感，特別是對於那些對熱敏感的人。考慮減少戶外劇烈活動。
• Example Sentence: “The weather forecast predicts a Humidex of 35 tomorrow, so there might be some discomfort during the afternoon hike."
• 例句: “天氣預報預測明天的濕度指數為35，所以下午徒步時可能會有些不適。"

40-45: Uncomfortable for Everyone | 對所有人都不舒適

• English Description: Uncomfortable for most people. Avoid strenuous exercise. Stay hydrated and seek cool environments when possible.
• 中文描述: 對大多數人來說都不舒適。避免劇烈運動。保持水分補充，盡可能尋找涼爽的環境。
• Example Sentence: “With a Humidex reaching 43, the marathon organizers are considering postponing the event as it will be uncomfortable for everyone."
• 例句: “由於濕度指數達到43，馬拉松組織者正在考慮推遲比賽，因為這對所有人都會感到不舒適。"

46+: Many Types of Work Must Be Stopped | 許多類型的工作必須停止

• English Description: Dangerous levels of heat stress. Many types of outdoor work should be suspended. High risk of heat-related illnesses such as heat stroke.
• 中文描述: 危險的熱應激水平。許多類型的戶外工作應該暫停。患熱相關疾病（如中暑）的風險很高。
• Example Sentence: “The construction site has implemented its extreme heat protocol as the Humidex is expected to exceed 46 today."
• 例句: “由於今天濕度指數預計將超過46，建築工地已實施極端高溫協議。"

Practical Applications | 實際應用

Workplace Safety | 工作場所安全

Humidex readings are often used to determine when certain outdoor or physically demanding jobs should be modified or stopped to prevent heat-related illnesses.

濕度指數讀數常用於確定何時應修改或停止某些戶外或體力要求高的工作，以防止熱相關疾病。

Public Health Advisories | 公共衛生建議

Health authorities may issue warnings based on Humidex values to help the public take appropriate precautions during heat waves.

衛生部門可能會根據濕度指數值發布警告，以幫助公眾在熱浪期間採取適當的預防措施。

Planning Outdoor Activities | 規劃戶外活動

Event organizers use Humidex forecasts to schedule outdoor activities at times when heat stress will be minimized.

活動組織者使用濕度指數預報來安排戶外活動，以減少熱應激的風險。

Conclusion | 結論

Understanding the Humidex scale helps individuals and organizations make informed decisions about outdoor activities and work during hot, humid weather. This knowledge is particularly relevant in the context of climate change, as extreme heat events become more common globally.

了解濕度指數量表有助於個人和組織在炎熱潮濕的天氣中對戶外活動和工作做出明智的決定。在氣候變化的背景下，這種知識尤為重要，因為極端高溫事件在全球範圍內變得越來越普遍。

The Humidex is just one of several systems used worldwide to quantify how environmental conditions affect human comfort and health. Similar indices include the Heat Index (USA), the Apparent Temperature (Australia), and the Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (used for military and sports applications).

濕度指數只是世界各地用來量化環境條件如何影響人類舒適度和健康的幾種系統之一。類似的指標包括熱指數（美國）、體感溫度（澳大利亞）和濕球黑球溫度（用於軍事和體育應用）。

An English Learning Guide for Chinese Speakers | 中文使用者英語學習指南
Introduction | 引言
Greek mythology is rich with personifications of natural phenomena, including the winds. This educational material explores the deities representing the winds in ancient Greek beliefs, providing both English and Chinese explanations for high school graduates and above.
希臘神話中充滿了對自然現象的擬人化描述，包括風的神格化。本教材探討了古希臘信仰中代表風的神祇，為高中畢業及以上學歷的讀者提供英漢雙語解釋。
The Cardinal Winds | 主要風向
In Greek mythology, the four primary winds were personified as the Anemoi (Ἄνεμοι), divine beings who were the sons of Eos (Dawn) and Astraeus (Starry). Each controlled wind from one of the four cardinal directions.
在希臘神話中，四個主要風向被擬人化為風神（Ἄνεμοι），這些神祇是黎明女神厄俄斯(Eos)和星神阿斯特賴歐斯(Astraeus)的兒子們。每個風神掌管來自四個基本方向之一的風。

Boreas (Βορέας) | 北風神博瑞阿斯

• Direction: North | 方向: 北方
• Pronunciation: /ˈbɔːriəs/ (BOR-ee-us) | 發音: 博瑞阿斯
• Character: Often depicted as a strong, bearded man with wings, bringing the cold winter winds | 特徵: 通常被描繪為一個強壯、留著鬍鬚、長著翅膀的男子，帶來寒冷的冬季風
• Associated season: Winter | 相關季節: 冬季
• Modern terms derived: “Boreal" (relating to the northern regions) | 相關現代詞彙: “Boreal"（與北方地區有關）

Notus (Νότος) | 南風神諾托斯

• Direction: South | 方向: 南方
• Pronunciation: /ˈnoʊtəs/ (NO-tus) | 發音: 諾托斯
• Character: Brought the hot winds of late summer and early autumn, associated with the southern storms that would destroy crops | 特徵: 帶來夏末秋初的熱風，與摧毀農作物的南方風暴有關
• Associated season: Late summer | 相關季節: 夏末
• Modern terms derived: None commonly used in English | 相關現代詞彙: 英語中無常用詞

Eurus (Εὖρος) | 東風神歐洛斯

• Direction: East | 方向: 東方
• Pronunciation: /ˈjʊərəs/ (YOOR-us) | 發音: 歐洛斯
• Character: Often depicted as a young man scattering hail, associated with warm, rainfall-bringing winds | 特徵: 通常被描繪為撒播冰雹的年輕人，與溫暖的、帶來降雨的風有關
• Associated season: Autumn | 相關季節: 秋季
• Modern terms derived: “Euro-" as a prefix relating to Europe | 相關現代詞彙: 前綴"Euro-“與歐洲有關

Zephyrus (Ζέφυρος) | 西風神澤弗羅斯

• Direction: West | 方向: 西方
• Pronunciation: /ˈzɛfərəs/ (ZEF-er-us) | 發音: 澤弗羅斯
• Character: The gentlest of the winds, bringing spring breezes and heralding the beginning of spring | 特徵: 最溫和的風神，帶來春天的微風，預示著春季的開始
• Associated season: Spring | 相關季節: 春季
• Modern terms derived: “Zephyr" (a gentle breeze) | 相關現代詞彙: “Zephyr"（和煦的微風）

The Intermediate Winds | 中間風向
Besides the four cardinal winds, Greek mythology also recognized winds from the intermediate directions. These were less prominent but still played a role in maritime navigation and agricultural planning.
除了四個主要風向外，希臘神話還承認來自中間方向的風。這些風神雖然不那麼突出，但在航海導航和農業規劃中仍然扮演著重要角色。

Euroauster (Εὐρόνοτος) | 東南風神歐羅諾托斯

• Direction: Southeast | 方向: 東南方
• Pronunciation: /ˌjʊərəʊˈɔːstə/ (yoor-oh-AW-stuh) | 發音: 歐羅諾托斯
• Etymology: A combination of Eurus (east) and Auster (the Roman name for Notus, south) | 詞源: 歐洛斯（東）和奧斯特（諾托斯的羅馬名稱，南）的組合
• Character: Brought warm, moist winds from the Mediterranean | 特徵: 帶來地中海的溫暖潮濕的風

Africus/Afer (Λίψ) | 西南風神阿費爾/利普斯

• Direction: Southwest | 方向: 西南方
• Pronunciation: /ˈæfər/ (AF-er) | 發音: 阿費爾/利普斯
• Etymology: “Africus" refers to winds coming from Africa | 詞源: “Africus"指來自非洲的風
• Character: Associated with storms and heavy rainfall | 特徵: 與暴風雨和強降雨有關

Caurus/Corus (Ἀργέστης) | 西北風神考魯斯/阿格斯特斯

• Direction: Northwest | 方向: 西北方
• Pronunciation: /ˈkɔːrəs/ (KOR-us) | 發音: 考魯斯/阿格斯特斯
• Character: Brought cold, heavy clouds and winter precipitation | 特徵: 帶來寒冷、厚重的雲層和冬季降水

Euroclydon/Aquilo (Καικίας) | 東北風神歐羅克利登/阿奎洛

• Direction: Northeast | 方向: 東北方
• Pronunciation: /jʊəˈrɒklɪdɒn/ (yoor-OK-li-don) | 發音: 歐羅克利登/阿奎洛
• Etymology: “Euroclydon" combines elements meaning “east wind" and “wave" | 詞源: “Euroclydon"結合了"東風"和"波浪"的元素
• Character: Known for creating dangerous storms at sea | 特徵: 以在海上製造危險風暴而聞名

Cultural Significance | 文化意義
The wind deities were important in a seafaring culture like ancient Greece. Sailors would offer prayers and sacrifices to favorable winds before voyages, while farmers would closely observe wind patterns to predict weather and plan agricultural activities.
風神在古希臘這樣的航海文化中具有重要意義。水手們在航行前會向有利的風神祈禱和獻祭，而農民則會密切觀察風的模式以預測天氣和規劃農業活動。

In Literature | 在文學中
The winds appear prominently in Homer’s Odyssey and Iliad, as well as in Hesiod’s Theogony. They were often portrayed as either helpful or hindering to the heroes’ journeys.
風神在荷馬的《奧德賽》和《伊利亞特》以及赫西奧德的《神譜》中都有突出表現。它們常被描繪為對英雄旅程有所幫助或阻礙。

In Art | 在藝術中
Greek and Roman art often depicted the Anemoi as winged men, sometimes with specific attributes related to their character. The most famous representation is on the Tower of the Winds in Athens, built in the 2nd century BCE.
希臘和羅馬藝術經常將風神描繪為長著翅膀的男子，有時帶有與其特性相關的特定屬性。最著名的表現是建於公元前2世紀的雅典風塔上。

Legacy in Modern Language | 在現代語言中的遺產
Several terms from these ancient wind deities have survived in modern English:
一些來自這些古代風神的術語在現代英語中仍然存在：

• Boreal: Relating to the north or northern regions
• Zephyr: A gentle, mild breeze
• Euronotus: Still occasionally used in meteorology for a southeast wind
• Bora: A strong northeast wind in the Adriatic Sea, derived from Boreas
• Boreal: 與北方或北方地區有關
• Zephyr: 溫和、輕柔的微風
• Euronotus: 在氣象學中仍偶爾用於表示東南風
• Bora: 亞得里亞海的強烈東北風，源自Boreas

Conclusion | 結論
Understanding the Four Winds of Greek mythology provides insight into how ancient cultures personified and explained natural phenomena. These mythological figures not only helped explain weather patterns but also influenced navigation, agriculture, and cultural practices throughout the Mediterranean world.
了解希臘神話中的四風使我們洞悉古代文化如何將自然現象人格化和解釋。這些神話人物不僅幫助解釋天氣模式，還影響了整個地中海世界的航海、農業和文化實踐。
The legacy of these wind deities continues in our modern languages and cultural references, demonstrating the enduring impact of Greek mythology on Western civilization.
這些風神的遺產在我們現代語言和文化參考中繼續存在，展示了希臘神話對西方文明的持久影響。

Introduction | 簡介
The Earth’s atmosphere is divided into several distinct layers, each with unique characteristics and functions. This material provides a comprehensive overview of these atmospheric layers for Chinese speakers with high school education or above.
地球的大氣層分為幾個不同的層次，每個層次都有其獨特的特性和功能。本教材為母語是中文、具有高中或以上教育程度的人士提供了這些大氣層的全面概述。

Primary Atmospheric Divisions | 大氣層主要劃分
Homosphere and Heterosphere | 均質層和非均質層

Homosphere (均質層)
The lower portion of the atmosphere, extending from the Earth’s surface to approximately 80-100 km (50-62 miles)
Characterized by relatively uniform gas composition due to mixing
大氣層的下部分，從地球表面延伸至約80-100公里（50-62英里）高度
因混合作用而具有相對均勻的氣體成分

Heterosphere (非均質層)
The upper portion of the atmosphere, located above 80-100 km (50-62 miles)
Gas composition varies with altitude due to gravitational separation
大氣層的上部分，位於80-100公里（50-62英里）以上
因重力分離作用，氣體成分隨高度變化

Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere | 大氣層的垂直結構
Troposphere | 對流層
Altitude: 0-18 km (0-11 miles)
Where life exists and weather phenomena occur
Contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere’s mass and 99% of its water vapor
Temperature decreases with height
高度：0-18公里（0-11英里）
生命存在和天氣現象發生的區域
包含大氣總質量的約75%和水蒸氣的99%
溫度隨高度降低

Tropopause (對流層頂)
The boundary layer between the troposphere and stratosphere
對流層和平流層之間的邊界層

Stratosphere | 平流層
Altitude: 18-50 km (11-30 miles)
Contains the ozone layer (ozonesphere) which absorbs UV radiation
Temperature increases with height due to ozone absorption of solar radiation
高度：18-50公里（11-30英里）
包含吸收紫外線輻射的臭氧層
由於臭氧吸收太陽輻射，溫度隨高度上升

Stratopause (平流層頂)
The boundary layer between the stratosphere and mesosphere
平流層和中間層之間的邊界層

Mesosphere | 中間層
Altitude: 50-80 km (31-50 miles)
Also known as the lower ionosphere
Features airglow and an ozone band
Temperature decreases with height
高度：50-80公里（31-50英里）
也稱為低電離層
具有大氣輝光和臭氧帶
溫度隨高度降低

Mesopause (中間層頂)
The boundary layer between the mesosphere and thermosphere
The coldest region of the atmosphere
中間層和熱層之間的邊界層
大氣層中最冷的區域

Thermosphere | 熱層
Altitude: 80-400 km (50-250 miles)
Temperature increases dramatically with height
Contains charged particles that absorb X-rays and UV radiation
高度：80-400公里（50-250英里）
溫度隨高度顯著上升
包含吸收X射線和紫外線輻射的帶電粒子

Thermopause (熱層頂)
The boundary layer between the thermosphere and exosphere
熱層和外逸層之間的邊界層

Exosphere/Magnetosphere | 外逸層/磁層
Altitude: 400-64,000 km (250-40,000 miles)
The outermost layer of Earth’s atmosphere
Merges with interplanetary space
Protected by Earth’s magnetic field
高度：400-64,000公里（250-40,000英里）
地球大氣層的最外層
與行星際空間融合
受地球磁場保護
I

onospheric Regions | 電離層區域
The ionosphere is divided into several regions that affect radio wave propagation:
電離層分為幾個影響無線電波傳播的區域：
D-Region (D區)
Altitude: 56-88 km (35-55 miles)
Absorbs energy of short-wave radio waves reflected by other layers
Only present during daylight hours
高度：56-88公里（35-55英里）
吸收被其他層反射的短波無線電波的能量
僅在日光時段存在
E-Region (E區) / Kennelly-Heaviside Layer
Altitude: 88-154 km (55-95 miles)
Reflects radio waves during daylight hours
高度：88-154公里（55-95英里）
在日光時段反射無線電波
F-Region (F區) / Appleton Layer
Altitude: 154-400 km (95-250 miles)
Reflects radio waves of up to 50 MHz
Split into F1 and F2 layers during the day, merges at night
Most important layer for long-distance radio communication
高度：154-400公里（95-250英里）
反射頻率高達50兆赫茲的無線電波
白天分為F1和F2層，夜間合併
遠距離無線電通信最重要的層

Key Atmospheric Functions | 大氣層關鍵功能
Protection from harmful solar radiation | 保護免受有害太陽輻射
Temperature regulation | 溫度調節
Facilitation of radio communication | 促進無線電通信
Support for weather phenomena | 支持天氣現象
Preservation of life on Earth | 維持地球生命

Conclusion | 結論
Understanding the structure and functions of Earth’s atmospheric layers is crucial for meteorology, telecommunications, aviation, and environmental science. Each layer plays a vital role in maintaining Earth’s habitable conditions and supporting various human activities.
瞭解地球大氣層的結構和功能對氣象學、電信、航空和環境科學至關重要。每一層在維持地球宜居條件和支持各種人類活動方面都發揮著重要作用。

不是中文的「狗日」，是英文的「dog’s day」

英文傳統說dog’s day是指北半球夏季最熱的時間段–大約是7月3日～8月11日。

很多人可能以為之所以用「狗」，是基於狗氣喘吁吁地走在豔陽下之形象。

但其實來自於古希臘天文學家發現夏季最熱的時段，剛好天狼星與太陽出現在同一塊天空。當時的希臘人甚至以為明亮的天狼星會增加太陽在白天的熱度。

14世紀拉丁文「canicular days」首次出現在Thomas Elyot編寫的拉丁文-英文字典。Canicula即拉丁文的「小狗」。

前言：很多人可能跟我一樣，明明某些知識或資訊知道怎麼用中文說，但卻不曉得怎麼用英文說。結果在英文對話時張口結舌、啞口無言搞得自己好像很呆、程度很差似的。所以我把一些中文懂但英文不太會講的資訊筆記下來，除了供自己參考，也分享出來給讀者們瞧瞧。希望這些訊息對你有幫助。

Preface: There is some knowledge or information that I can talk about in Chinese (my first language) but not in English. Therefore, as an English learner, I noted some of them and try to share them on my blog. I hope it’s helpful to you, too.

Semidiurnal: twice a day

Diurnal: daily

Biweekly: twice a week or every two weeks

Semiweekly: twice a week

Weekly: once a week

Bimonthly: twice a month or every two months

Triweekly: three times a week or every 3 weeks

Semimonthly: twice a month

Monthly: once a month

Trimonthly: every three months

Quarterly: four times a year

Biannual: twice a year

Semiannual: every six months

Annual: yearly

Perennial: occurring year after year

Biennial: 2 years

Triennial: 3 years

Quadrennial: 4 years

Quinquennial: 5 years

Sexennial: 6 years

Septennial: 7 years

Octennial: 8 years

Novennial: 9 years

Decennial: 10 years

Undecennial: 11 years

Duodecennial: 12 years

Quindecennial: 15 years

Vicennial: 20 years

Tricennial: 30 years

Quadricennial: 40 years

Semicentennial: 50 years

Centennial: 100 years

Sesquicentennial: 150 years

Bicentennial: 200 years

Quadricentennial: 400 years

Quincentennial: 500 years

Millennial: 1000 years

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前言：很多人可能跟我一樣，明明某些知識或資訊知道怎麼用中文說，但卻不曉得怎麼用英文說。結果在英文對話時張口結舌、啞口無言搞得自己好像很呆、程度很差似的。所以我把一些中文懂但英文不太會講的資訊筆記下來，除了供自己參考，也分享出來給讀者們瞧瞧。希望這些訊息對你有幫助。

Preface: There is some knowledge or information that I can talk about in Chinese (my first language) but not in English. Therefore, as an English learner, I noted some of them and try to share them on my blog. I hope it’s helpful to you, too.

星期日 — Sunday: sun day （太陽之日）

星期一 — Monday: moon day （月亮之日）

星期二 — Tuesday: Day of Tiw, the god of battle （戰神Tiw之日）

星期三 — Wednesday: Day of Woden or Odin, the god of poetry and the dead （詩神與死神奧丁之日）

星期四 — Thursday: Day of Thor, the god of thunder （雷神索爾之日）

星期五 — Friday: Day of Frigg, the goddess of married love （婚姻愛神Frigg之日）

星期六 — Saturday: Day of Saturn, the god of fertility and agriculture （繁殖與農神Saturn之日）

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