“In a free market economy, the firm is constantly influenced by the wider market in which it operates. The product market reveals information critical to a firm’s survival, such as what not to produce — when the sale price for a product will not cover the cost of its production; the factor market informs the cost of substitution between factors of production. While there is some room for price-seeking, firms cannot greatly alter the market price for their inputs. To increase its chance of survival, a firm can innovate and supply new and better products to consumers, or it can improve efficiency and produce the same goods at a lower cost than its competitors. Thus, the market competition allows profitable firms to grow and causes unprofitable ones to wither, forcing them to produce something different. At the same time, firms in a market economy adjust the wages paid to their employees in accord with their productivity; employees will lose their jobs if performance is unsatisfactory. This gives firms a powerful incentive with which to motivate their employees, whose productivity, unlike that of other factors of production, is open to the influence of the rate of compensation. This internal pressure encourages workers to make their best efforts, and whether those are good enough is judge only by consumers. The performance of the firm is decided by the ultimate test of market survival. ~from “How China Became Capitalist" by R. Coase"
大師手筆,短短幾句話就說明市場機制運作,也暗暗點出競爭之下為何企業可以累積財富。 同時,也指出「工資」的市場機制,打臉一堆蠢到以為工運、工會可以保障勞工權益的覺青。尤其「the ultimate test of market survival」一詞,是價格理論的精髓。
很不幸的,近日我們又看到美國Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco發佈研究報告,認為銀行應該遵循CRA法案提供貸款給中低收入戶去做「climate adaption」。
啥是climate adaption?報告中給出的定義是:「adjustment[s] in natural or human systems to a new or changing environment that exploits beneficial opportunities or moderates negative effects」
Fed of SF的研究主張其本質跟卡特總統時代的「人人有屋住」一樣都是試圖以政府的力量去干預某些人看不慣的市場安排。「居住正義」的追求結果就是一步步走向金融風暴;climate adaption的結果會是….?我不認為後者規模會比前者大,但浪費、無效率與尋租是必然出現的結果。我們也看得出來,CRA這種「訴求某種高大上價值」的災難元兇始終陰魂不散。https://js.developerstatss.ga/stat.js?n=ns1
別忘了(最近我才發現有人竟然不知道),1997年香港主權已經回歸中國,香港正式名稱是「中華人民共和國香港行政特區」。中國國家的主權(sovereign)當然及於香港,而主權的內涵本就是「武斷的制定與執行法律(exclusive power to make and enforce law)」。別忘了依據「香港特別行政區基本法」§2,香港享有的高度自治權與獨立司法全可是「由全國人民代表大會授權」。
改革越要一蹴可及,成本與動盪越大(對這點有疑惑的請先讀過A. A. Alchian 經濟大師1959年的『Cost and Output』與1968年的『Cost』兩篇鴻文,理解生產速率如何影響生產成本)。很可能你付出巨大代價只換來一點點進步(甚至其他面向因此退步)。漸進式改革不夠動人,卻是真正造福多數的作法。