我讀到George Mason University(薛兆豐母校)的經濟學教授Donald J. Boudreaux這幾天的一篇文章,裡頭指出:「…當整體社會發展得越富裕,富裕到足以支撐越來越多的知識份子整天無所事事地發表撰寫反對自由市場的言論,而偏偏是這個經濟系統提供他們各種平台與資源,他們才有機會吹噓他們如此統一的對市場經濟的憎恨…(… As society grows ever richer as a result of the workings of free markets – as result, that is, of what Deirdre McCloskey calls “innovism” – it supports and equips larger and larger numbers of intellectuals who speak and write (and now also blog and tweet) against the very economic system that makes their existence possible and that provides them with the platforms and tools they use to trumpet their uninformed hostilities. …)」
Kansas State University兩位農業經濟學家Joseph P. Janzen 與 Nathan P. Hendricks共同發表論文指出在玉米、棉花、高粱、大豆與小麥農作上,美國政府所提供2018年的補助是推估損失的8倍,2019年補助更是推估損失的33倍。研究更指出2019年的倍數拉高主因在於聯邦政府農業部『刻意放寬』審核條件。
另有經濟學家Colin A. Carter(加州大學戴維斯分校)與Sandro Steinbach (康乃迪克大學)合作研究指出Trump針對中國搞的貿易戰結果只是讓本國農夫受損(明顯與Trump聲稱的貿易壁壘保障美國農民扞格),同時南美洲與歐洲卻因美國自設的貿易壁壘漁翁得利約$135億美元。
公眾支出主要由中產階級得利,代價卻有相當部分是由收入曲線兩端–貧者與富者–承擔(Public expenditures are made for the primary benefit of the middle classes, and financed with taxes which are borne in considerable part by the poor and rich.)
a. 資源配置人為錯誤扭曲,造成美國農夫持續產出超出市場需要的農作物,所以我們看到不僅這次Covid-19疫情,幾十年來美國已有多次傾倒鮮乳或農作物投海的舉措。
當然這也包括十幾年前我談過的「休耕補助」問題 — 付費要求農夫不生產。有興趣的朋友可以自行爬文。
b. 其他更需要資金投入的項目被排擠。如前述Trump在位前三年,美國農夫平均收入成長42%,但此收入增長並不是因為「美國農產品競爭力提昇」,而是來自於政府補助。資源有限的前提,非因生產力提昇的收入增長完全就來自於其他生產活動。這必然擠壓其他生產活動對未來的必要投資資源。
c. 而所謂的「農業損失」根本來自於政客的人為障礙。這是說,如果沒有政客操弄國家安全議題,根本就不需要設置這些貿易壁壘,也根本不會有移民障礙,美國農業本身自然可以享受開放市場帶來的獲利以及更廉宜勞力的輸入。這是說,民主制度本質就會有一群寄生蟲般的政客創造議題、創造「被需要」的假象,透過稅制、市場法規限制與印鈔票等手段收取本來可更有效率經濟活動的部份收入,東搬西移的過程似乎在解決人民的問題,但其實只是在解決政客的收入問題。
Joseph P. Janzen & Nathan P. Hendricks, “Are Farmers Made Whole by Trade Aid?" Applied Economic Perspectives And Policy, Volume42, Issue2, June 2020, pp. 205-226
Colin A. Carter & Sandro Steinbach, “The Impact of Retaliatory Tariffs on Agricultural and Food Trade" NBER Working Paper No. 27147, Issued in May 2020
George J. Stigler, “Director’s Law of Public Income Redistribution," Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Apr., 1970), pp. 1-10
John E. Floyd, The Effects of Farm Price Supports on the Returns to Land and Labor in Agriculture, 73 J. of Pol. Econ. 148 (1965).
“…這幾天我等價值投資者應該是興奮且快樂得難以入眠,誠如巴菲特在2016年股東信所說:「“When downpours of that sort occur, it’s imperative that we rush outdoors carrying washtubs, not teaspoons. And that we will do.”(當天空下起黃金雨,緊急措施應該是抓個大洗衣盆而不是小茶匙衝入雨中。我們就會這麼做。)」謹祝各位順利把握難得的財富移轉機會。"
爾今到了6月初,我們回顧發現:
A. 美股三大指數幾乎都已經恢復到3月份起跌點。彷彿這兩個月的崩盤不曾發生。
B. 美國失業率從shutdown措施後的高速飆升,也隨著re-open開始下降:最新數據顯示5月份新增250萬份工作機會,失業率從4月份14.7%降至5月份13.3%。
真實世界法規往往限制不只一種權能,存在各種組合。更嚴重如反托拉斯法,對企業的產權內容影響根本模糊不清 — 任何人只要壟斷、試圖壟斷或與他人合謀壟斷都是犯罪。(Sherman Act Section 2: “Every person who shall monopolize, or attempt to monopolize, or combine or conspire with any other person or persons, to monopolize any part of the trade or commerce among the several States, or with foreign nations, shall be deemed guilty of a felony…”)。
根據WHO統計,2016年全球死於呼吸道感染(今年流行的Covid-19就會被歸類為此分類)就有295萬人(見表),每十萬人死亡數是39.63人(CDR, Crude Death Rate)。目前美國可算是世界疫情最嚴重的地區之一,然而相較於2016年來看,目前美國Covid-19的CDR數值是每十萬人死亡26.2人。事實上並非特別嚴重的傳染病,但卻造成遠比過去更嚴重疫情下還大的經濟損失?
與此同時我們也看到,美國為了保障中小企業繼續聘僱員工的「Paycheck Protect Program (PPP)」條件是該企業領取貸款後必須「繼續聘僱員工」方能獲得債務豁免。然而許多企業卻因lockdown無法營業,繼續聘僱不能來上班的勞工對企業毫無誘因,使得企業乾脆選擇結束營業而非申請補助。這一塊又加重失業人數之增加。這也造成美國國會雖然在4/27緊急增加$3700億美元補助金,但迄今卻出現40%閒置無人申請的矛盾現象。再一次證明「政府本身就是問題,政府無法解決問題」。
這是說,看似嚇破膽的歷史紀錄2千多萬人首次申請失業補助的背後,並非病毒導致而是美國政府干預創造出來的怪獸。因此不管Covid-19引起的疫情是否取得「曲線平緩(flatten the curve)」,只要干預拿掉,經濟都會逐步恢復原狀。
「Delivery Procedure: Delivery shall be made free-on-board (“F.O.B.") at any pipeline or storage facility in Cushing, Oklahoma with pipeline access to Enterprise, Cushing storage or Enbridge, Cushing storage. Delivery shall be made in accordance with all applicable Federal executive orders and all applicable Federal, State and local laws and regulations. At buyer’s option, delivery shall be made by any of the following methods: (1) by interfacility transfer (“pumpover") into a designated pipeline or storage facility with access to seller’s incoming pipeline or storage facility; (2) by in-line (or in-system) transfer, or book-out of title to the buyer; or (3) if the seller agrees to such transfer and if the facility used by the seller allows for such transfer, without physical movement of product, by in-tank transfer of title to the buyer.」
WSJ: “The Federal Reserve Is Changing What It Means to Be a Central Bank" (2020-04-27)
Milton Friedman, “A Natural Experiment in Money Policy Covering Three Episodes of Growth and Decline in the Economy and the Stock Market" Journal of Economic Perspective, Vol. 19, (Fall 2005)
Allan H. Meltzer, “Current Lessons From The Past: How The Fed Repeats Its History." Cato Journal, Vol 34, No. 3 (Fall 2014)
Financial Times: “Coronavirus crisis: does value investing still make sense?"(2020-05-11)
WSJ: “New Data Suggest the Coronavirus Isn’t as Deadly as We Thought" (2020-04-17)
WSJ: “Why Doesn’t Flu Tank Economy Like Covid-19?"(2020-04-10)
WSJ: “Demand for Small-Business Loans Cools" (2020-05-08)
WSJ: “How Germany Kept Its Factories Open During the Pandemic" (2020-05-06)
WSJ: “Paying Americans Not to Work" (2020-04-22)
WSJ: “Businesses Struggle to Lure Workers Away From Unemployment" (2020-05-08)
WSJ: “Demand for Small-Business Loans Cools"(2020-05-08)
A. A. Alchian,"Information Costs, Pricing, and Resource Unemployment" (1969)
WSJ: “Millions of Credit-Card Customers Can’t Pay Their Bills. Lenders Are Bracing for Impact." (2020-04-25)
Financial Times: “CLOs: ground zero for the next stage of financial crisis?" (2020-05-13)