時任紐約市市長Fiorello LaGuardia網開一面,聲稱雖然工廠不能切片,但終端零售店家如果提供機器切片服務並無不法。但當時的食品分配協會(Food Distribution Association)否決了這一提議,要求停止任何商業切麵包行為,其理由是「如網開一面會侵害『沒有切吐司機器』的愛國商家」。
黑人家庭收入低於貧困線的比例在1940年到1960年間下降得最為明顯,從87%下降到47%,這一時間跨度遠早於1964年的民權法案和1965年的投票權法案,也遠早於1970年代「平權行動」演變為數字化的「目標」或「配額」。雖然貧困率的下降趨勢持續,但這一下降的速度並沒有在這些法律里程碑之後加快,實際上反而是放緩。貧困率在1960年代的十年間從47%降到了30%,然後在1970年到1980年間僅從30%降到了29%。儘管對1960年代的民權法律或同一時期的扶貧戰爭計劃聲稱有多大功勞,但硬核事實顯示:黑人脫離貧困的進程在這些政府行動開始之前更為顯著。 (…The percentage of black families with incomes below the poverty line fell most sharply between 1940 and 1960, going from 87 percent to 47 percent over that span, before either the Civil Rights Act of 1964 or the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and well before the 1970s, when “affirmative action" evolved into numerical “goals" or “quotas." While the downward trend in poverty continued, the pace of that decline did not accelerate after these legal landmarks but in fact slackened. The poverty rate declined from 47 percent to 30 percent during the decade of the 1960s and then only from 30 percent to 29 percent between 1970 and 1980.1 4 However much credit has been claimed for the civil rights laws of the 1960s or the War on Poverty programs of that same decade, the hard facts show that blacks’ rise out of poverty was more dramatic before any of these government actions got under way. )~Thomas Sowell – Economic Facts and Fallacies (2008)